Roll of thunder hear my cry essays

Move of thunder hear my cry articles With drive-through eateries everywhere, the decision of vegetarianism is apparently disregarded in our general public today. Less and less individuals are in any event, thinking about a change from omnivore to herbivore. What's more, the rare sorts of people who do may change in their concept of precisely what vegetarianism is. Some accept that you essentially forgo eating meat, in any case, that raises the subject of dairy items and eggs. Is it true that they are alright to eat? However still some accept that a genuine veggie lover is actually a vegetarian, or an individual that has limited their eating regimen to natural leafy foods as it were. Which ever they pick, a significant question is still left unanswered. Does vegetarianism offer a greater number of favorable circumstances in life than a All together for your body to work and work as it was proposed to, it should be solid. There are a wide range of perspectives to wellbeing, yet one of the most significant ones is your eating regimen. All the more explicitly, protein in your eating regimen. Proteins are small gatherings of profoundly complex natural aggravates that are found in every single one of our cells. (Low) They all have various capacities, in any case. Some manage digestion, a few construct muscle, and still others transport and convey supplements. (Low) Whatever the undertaking, proteins are a fundamental piece of a sound eating routine. There are various ways that you can meet the necessary measure of protein in your eating regimen. The most evident one is eat nourishments that are high in protein. This gathering may incorporate meats, poultry, fish, and eggs. Be that as it may, this doesn't imply that you can just get protein from creature based nourishments. Protein is protein so its source, (creature or plant,) isn't significant. That is a matter of individual That individual decision is the decision of a progressively proficient, and possibly a more intelligent method of eating. Did you realize that the absolute most savvy individuals in history made the decision of turning out to be veggie lover? Albert Einstein was once cited saying &q... <!

The Youth Control Complex and Social Ambush Essay Example

The Youth Control Complex and Social Ambush Paper The Youth Control Complex and complex system of crystallization, reconnaissance, and discipline name and treat youth as genuine criminal guilty parties. Garcia examines how The Social Ambush depict African Americans and Latino are filling the correctional facilities as quick as they can be constructed, making this view youthful African Americans and Latino are probably going to wind up in the criminal equity framework. This cliché pictures of recovered youth is drawn out and advanced through different types of media, which can make this Idea that individuals of this ethnic race are going to wind up in the equity framework. African Americans and Latino face a ton of crystallization on account of the social disparities in America. This can come from inconsistent chance to secure positions, government assets and equivalent equity as a result of their skin shading and this thought they are abuse people. So when poor dark and earthy colored youth settle on terrible decisions throughout everyday life, they are bound to confront analysis more brutally than other ethnicity like White or Asians. Iris and Garcia both talks about, with saw view of poor dark and earthy colored youth, they become focuses of searchers, law authorization and the equity framework. With the assistance of media, it help shapes a specific picture of who African American and earthy colored youth are. This disgrace influence the adolescent today who fill our prisons since renewed opportunities are less inclined to be given to these two significant race because of the way that they are high hazard and the state need to control their future starting here on. We will compose a custom paper test on The Youth Control Complex and Social Ambush explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Youth Control Complex and Social Ambush explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Youth Control Complex and Social Ambush explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Good Topics For An Argumentative Research Essay

Good Topics For An Argumentative Research EssayWriting an argumentative research essay can be a very tedious task, which is why there are a lot of people who would prefer to avoid it altogether. The reason why they do this is because they believe that writing one would be too much and that they would get bogged down and in the end, they wouldn't be able to finish the whole assignment that they have got for them.If you wish to write an argumentative research essay, then good topics for an argumentative research essay need to be chosen carefully. However, before doing so, you should first try to find out what the target audience is expecting from you. After that, you can easily narrow down your topic list, after you have already got a few ideas ready.If you are intending to write an argumentative research essay, then you need to make sure that you choose good topics for an argumentative research essay. You need to make sure that you research everything first before starting with your e ssay. This means that you must find out everything you need to know about the subject of your research. So, it is important that you research the field very well before doing so.By finding good topics for an argumentative research essay, you will not only be able to land up on the right topics but also the right writing style. Thus, you will be able to come up with writing style that is more pleasing to read. The format and the reading speed that you choose will also depend on your own personal preference.Once you have figured out the best topics for an argumentative research essay, you can start to write the essay. There are a lot of ways to go about writing an argumentative research essay. However, one of the best ways is to follow a certain formula. So, by following a certain formula, you can ensure that you have the right points ready to be written down.With the help of an outline, you can plan the rest of the research. After you have planned the essay on paper, you can try writ ing it as quickly as possible. After this, you can start researching for other topics that will give the argumentative research essay more attention.By doing this, you will be able to come up with two major topics for an argumentative research essay. One of the topics will be written with a topic map, while the other will be based on the topic map. Following this formula will also allow you to come up with the correct writing style. So, if you want to write an argumentative research essay and that is not too complicated, then you should follow this formula.

Ted Bundy a Personality Comparison with the Theories Od...

Ted Bundy 2 Ted Bundy: A Personality Comparison With The Theories Of Rollo May and Albert Bandura The objective of this case study is to examine the personality of one of the most notorious serial killers in modern history, Ted Bundy. Ted Bundy was alleged to have humiliated, tortured and murdered at least 50 women. Possibility more, but the true number will never be known. Because Ted Bundy kept the true number of his victims to himself and refused to inform authorities of the exact number of his horrific deeds, before he was executed on January 24, 1989 (Wikipedia, n.d.). Ted Bundy was once a Boy Scout and those who knew him in the labor force said that he had a promising career in politics, because Ted Bundy†¦show more content†¦After high school, Ted worked his way through the University Of Puget Sound and the University of Washington. Some of his low-level employment positions that he obtain to support himself through College were as a bus boy and shoe sales clerk. His employers considered him unreliable due to the fact that he never stayed in one post very lon g. Even though he was inconsistent in his work outside of school, he always stayed very focus on his high grade-point average (Wikipedia, n.d.). Ted Bundys life changed forever in the spring of 1967, when he met and fell in love with the woman of his dreams. She was beautiful, sophisticated and from a wealthy family. She was Teds first love and possibly his first sexual encounter. She liked him a lot, but did not have the same deep feelings towards him. This didnt discourage Ted Bundy since he would ask her to marry him on several occasions. She was very reluctant to make a serious commitment, because she felt that Ted had no future goals or real direction in his life. Ted began to try to impress her by lying and even winning a summer scholarship from Stanford to try to influence her feelings for him. But the mask of Ted Bundy 5 deception that he was trying to display for her admiration fell away leaving all his lies and immaturity exposed to her (Bell, 2005). When Teds girlfriend graduated in 1968, she broke off the relationship with him; she realized that Ted had some serious character

The Development And Growth Of A Child Into Their Adult Years

Throughout the decades, there have been many theorists that have contributed their ideas and proposals, in regards to what they believe affects the development and growth of a child into their adult years. Three of these successful theorists include: Erik Erikson, Daniel Levinson, and George Herbert Mead. They each studied the developmental stages throughout one’s life in their own perspectives, each proposing a new and revised theory. Born in 1902, Erik Erikson was a psychologist best known for his study and theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. He has published a number of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society, The Life Cycle Completed, and Gandhi’s Truth. As a student†¦show more content†¦Mistrust†. Therefore, depending on how the child is raised and treated throughout this stage, determines whether the child learns to trust the world and his surroundings to fulfill his needs. Erikson believed that although there are different challenges the individual must successfully master at each stage, these issues overlap with the issues of another level. This is because how one deals with the earlier challenges determines how one will resolve later challenges, as there is a connection between present patterns of thinking and feeling, and the earlier unresolved and/or resolved development issues. Going back to the example with the ch ild, if he/she does not learn to trust in this stage, then trust will remain an unresolved issue throughout the subsequent stages of development. Erikson’s theory is extremely important and significant in terms of understanding the growth and development of an individual. His theory helps to explain the levels of conflict that every individual must undergo, and the possibilities that may arise if the individual in unsuccessful and does not overcome the challenges that he/she is faced with. As stated in the example above, if the child did not learn to trust in the first stage, it will affect him in all the following stages, as he/she will continue to have a lack of trust in the world. Erikson’s theory helps us to understand why some people lack certain feelings or emotions, as we can now recognize that the

Personal Writing Evaluation free essay sample

As far back as i can remember, I’ve been good at it. People usually refer to a dictionary or spell check on a regular basis when writing, but I rarely need to. For example, in high school, I would always see my fellow classmates with a dictionary on their desk, where as I would never have to use one. Also as a young child I entered and won a few spelling bee’s in the school district. Proof reading and editing is another strength I have. I always re-read over my papers at least twice once I have finished them. I double check for sentence structure errors and punctuation mistakes. As I re-read my papers, usually I find extra details and descriptions that I may have left out. I consider this a strength because if I did not proof read my writings, my papers would contain more errors, lack essential detail and descriptions, and possibly leave the reader confused. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Writing Evaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of my weaknesses would have to be coming up with topics to write about and starting off the paper. This may come easy to others, but for me its a struggle. Brainstorming usually takes up more time then writing the actual paper does. I can spend hours and hours with a blank piece of paper, just trying to get a start. I usually just have to go on to something else and just let it come to me. Organization and focusing on the topic is always a challenge. I hate making bubble clusters even though I know they will just be beneficial for me in the long run. As I write a paper, I always tend to get distracted and side tracked on the task. For example, right now I’m actually thinking about what I want to eat tomorrow instead about evaluating my strengths and weaknesses as a writer. Procrastination is probably my biggest weakness of all when it comes to writing and school in general. Even if I am given a 3 week notice ahead of time, I will always wait till the last minute to do the assignment. I’ll admit, I’m very lazy when it comes to school work, but I feel that if my assignments had to do with stuff that I was interested in, I would probably not be as lazy and just get into it quicker. By taking English MO1A, I hope to learn how to turn my weaknesses into strengths so I can improve my writing. I want to learn how to focus on the task at hand and not get distracted with meaning less stuff. I want to learn tips and tricks to help me come up with good topics and concrete details to make my writing much more interesting and enjoyable for my readers to read. Finally, I want to stop procrastinating, not only in my writing assignments, but everything when it comes to school work. I have big plans for my future and I need to learn to be more focused on deadlines so I don’t get left behind in my education.

The influence of marine biofilms on corrosion A concise review Essays

a b s t r a c t The following is a concise review of the literature that addresses the impact of marine biofilms on two phenomena?ennoblement of corrosion potential and sulfide derivitization due to sulfate-reducing bacteria. A universally defined mechanism of potential ennoblement has not been established. Extent of ennoblement varies among locations and the extent of ennoblement for a particular material cannot be used to predict an increased likelihood of localized corrosion. There is some controversy as to the susceptibility of low- andmedium-grade stainless steels. Carbon steel and copper alloys are susceptible to sulfide derivitization but thermodynamic models cannot predict the susceptibility of these materials. Laboratory experiments designed to provide data on susceptibility to sulfide derivitization have produced conflicting results because of the following: (1) laboratorymedia can contain anions that inhibit localized corrosion, (2) laboratory media can contain yeast extract that interferes with electrochemical measurements, and (3) deaeration procedures can produce environments that are not conducive for the growth of sulfatereducing bacteria. In general, alloys that undergo ennoblement are not vulnerable to sulfide derivitization and conversely, alloys that are subject to sulfide derivitization do not become ennobled.

Mouse Trap car report. Description of how we built, materials, showed relation the Newtons Laws.

Mouse Trap car report. Description of how we built, materials, showed relation the Newtons Laws. Mouse Trap CarThe mouse trap car we designed for this project was pretty standard. We used metal rods with rubber wheels attached for the axles and wheels. We supported the axles to the frame using "U" nails. Our wheels featured some spinners as well. For the actual body of the car we glued the mouse trap on another piece of wood to lengthen the body. The mouse trap was hot glued on the top with a extended arm for more leverage. One end of a rope was glued on the extended mouse trap arm and the other end to the rear axle. As you wound the back wheels the rope would whined as well pulling the arm of the mouse trap back. When the trap arm was released the rope would begin to unwind spinning the rear wheels.As it comes to the performance of our car I think it preformed alright.English: Changes in the kinetic and potential ener...It could have done a lot better. I believe are car made it about five meters. Two strengths of are car where probably the spinners on the wheels, and also the w ay we have the back of the mouse trap carved out allowing more room for the rope to be wound. Two definite weaknesses of are car was that the back wheels were not big enough therefore the car would spin out most of the time. Another weakness is that the axles were not on there perfectly straight so the tires would rub against the body of the car causing friction.During the construction of the car a big problem we ran into was that the front end was running to close to the ground. The way we solved it was by making extender legs from the body of the car to the axle. One good...

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay Example for Free

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay ? Plastic surgery is a medical field that deals with reshaping some body deformities that may have occurred due to birth defects or accidents. It is also used for other purposes such as treating diseases and beauty purposes. An example of a disease which can be treated through plastic surgery is melanoma. If plastic surgery is carried out for younger looks or beauty purposes, it is referred to as cosmetic surgery. This paper will directly address the issue of cosmetic surgery since it is what has caused plastic surgeries addiction all over the world. Cosmetic surgeries are never related to any medical condition and are normally done to enhance the physical appearance of an individual. Cosmetic surgery addicts are easily identifiable due to the numerous surgeries they undergo each time claiming that they are not happy with their looks. Many victims of cosmetic surgery suffer from a medical condition known as Body Dimorphic Disorder (BDD). This mental disorder has made people imagine that they look different from others and there is a need for surgery so that they can improve their looks. Discussion Cosmetic surgery is a major problem today as a number of people who are addicted to it are doing it repeatedly in order to achieve their imaginary beauty. This practice is becoming frequent and in many instances it is affecting women as they try to change and improve their physical appearances. The problem with such kind of people only exists in their mind because it is hard to view yourself as being ugly from others, it is only a perception. If you view yourself as being ugly from others, the problem will never end even if you undergo so many plastic surgeries. This perception will directly influence the level of your happiness and accepting yourself the way you are. The practices of undergoing plastic surgery repeatedly in order to feel happy and look like the ones you view as more beautiful than yourself is what doctors refer to as BDD. This condition normally affects both male and females under the age of 18 equally (Gorbis, 2003). People suffering from BDD use plastic surgery as a solution to their unending dissatisfaction with their body physical appearance (Gorbis, 2003). Almost all people who suffer from BDD seek solution to cosmetic surgery. As a surgeon, you should be able to discover someone suffering from this medical condition and recommend him/her to a psychologist. Any invention has both positive and negative sides but plastic surgery addiction would cause more harm to the body compared to the benefits associated with it. For instance, it can damage the skin and muscle tissue of an individual permanently. Another well-known harm caused by plastic surgery addiction is the permanent nerve damage. This may result to permanent loss of feeling and sensation in all the affected areas of an individual who have undergone plastic surgery repeatedly. Many individuals who undergo plastic surgery repeatedly to perfect their physical appearances in most cases end up with irreversible damage that make them look awful compared to their original appearances. Plastic surgery addiction cause more harm to the physical appearance of people with BDD instead of enhancing it. People suffering from BDD undergo plastic surgery so that they can attract attention from the public. They later regret when things go wrong. This is an indication that it should be discouraged and people suffering from BDD should be referred to a Psychiatrist or psychologist instead of a surgeon. Plastic surgery is not cost friendly at all. The operation is very expensive and its outcomes are sometimes not worth the price. What the addicted victims fail to understand is that, plastic surgery operation can only result to two things. That is, a great success or a failure. This means that, the more operations you undergo, the higher the risk of failure (Pruitt, 2009). Many individuals who are addicted to plastic surgery are attracted by what they see in the media. They watch successful surgeries of famous celebrities and think that it might as well work on. This is not usually the case and the individuals we watch on the media having successful surgeries sometimes develop problems at a later date. Plastic surgery addiction is very different from drugs and other things addiction in that it fulfills people physiological needs. Therefore, it is normally difficult for individuals who are not satisfied with their physical appearance to stop plastic surgery. This is something they are viewing in the mirror now and then. If they are not satisfied with what they see, they will definitely run to a surgeon so that the body part they feel is not well placed can be rectified. The problem with such an individual is that he/she is likely not to be satisfied with many body parts. Thus, resulting to a series of plastic surgeries so as to be satisfied with his/her physical appearance. In my opinion, I would only recommend plastic surgery to individuals who have a medical problem. I would never encourage cosmetic surgery because it is doing more harm than enhancing appearance of individuals who are undertaking it. Most people who are addicted to cosmetic surgeries perceive themselves in the wrong manner. They normally have their imaginary images on their minds which they think they can turn to after the operation. This normally does not happen and that is why they undergo so many operations before they realize they are destroying their images. Plastic surgery should only be carried out under medical conditions not for pleasure. Pictures are all over the internet showing how plastic surgery addiction has caused a number of celebrities to lose their good looks. Cosmetic surgery is not good at all because it has not worked well for people who have done it. They are suffering from negative impacts of plastic surgery addiction. It should be therefore be discouraged unless under medical conditions. Conclusion Plastic surgery is not bad if it is used for solving a medical condition. However, having a plastic surgery for beauty purposes or look young should be discouraged by all means. It should be discouraged because it might possibly lead to addiction. Physicians as well as public awareness concerning BDD should be increased to control the unnecessary plastic surgeries. Doctors should also try their best to identify troubled patients so that they can direct them to psychologist or psychiatrist who can advise them. There are other treatments other than surgeries which can help people who have problems with their physical appearance. Psychologist and psychiatrists can really assist individuals with plastic surgeries addiction. The only problem to the control of this addiction is that cosmetic and plastic surgery is so accessible and doctors have not provided a regulation on the number of surgeries an individual should undergo in a given period. Addiction for Plastic Surgeries. (2016, Nov 13).

Finding meaning in Dorianne Laux's Dust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finding meaning in Dorianne Laux's Dust - Essay Example Hence, in association with the feeling afore mentioned, we will discuss the use of image of God to represent the poet’s inner muse, how the poet state the functioning of human’s mind and lastly the human nature of closing eyes to the truth and opportunities of life. There are numerous poets who use the imagery, specifically of God to imply certain angles of life and so is the case with Laux’s ‘Dust. She in her third last line â€Å"God comes to your window† uses the word God to portray the inner inspiration of hers. It is not God that she is talking about, but the muse that people have within themselves, but choose to ignore it as a result of being maybe unsuccessful in you previous days, conformity or just laziness. Furthermore, people might don’t agree with a specific content of religion such as sin, rewards, punishment, fate or destiny, but the word God does attract a large number of reader and audience as it can be also used in context of culture. Moving to the next idea that is the functioning of human’s mind, in the whole poem Laux has clearly indicated that the functioning of a human mind is very complex and obtrusive. She illustrates through the first few lines of her poem â€Å"Someone spoke to me last night, told me the truth. But I recognized it† tells us that there are moment in an human’s life that they are provided with the truth and it’s that truth which they know relates to them, and for which they try to search for their whole life, but the next phrases implies that when they are in hold of that reality, they do nothing of it. Furthermore, the poem also indicates that during the hardships of life, people usually forget what the truth and reality had been about even if they recognize it. They just remember that there is truth for them or a reality concerning them, but they don’t remember the essence of it. The last idea connects to the previous one and outlines an intriguing nature of human

How would woman be effected if Roe v. Wade was over turned Essay

How would woman be effected if Roe v. Wade was over turned - Essay Example According to the online dictionary, abortion refers to a premature or miscarriage, that does not result into giving birth. Abortion was legal in most states before 1880, when it was banned in most states except when the life of the woman was in danger, due to medical complications. Abortion was illegal up to 1973, during this time, anti-abortion movements were largely influenced by efforts to make sure women remained in their traditional roles and as a backlash on birth control movement. During the 1880s, abortion was legal in thirty states and illegal in some twenty states (Leslie, 2000). Banning of abortion was implemented under the Comstock laws, which prohibited allocation on birth control information. The banning of abortion at this time was influenced by fears that the population of new immigrants could surpass that of Native Americans. The technology available at that time was backward, including the medical industry. â€Å"Back alley† abortions blossomed even when it w as illegal. Access to abortion facilities depended on race, economic status and someone’s place of residence. Women, especially the poor were subjected to shame and fear due to criminalization of the act. Some of the poor methods of abortion which were performed mostly on poor women involved administration of strong chemicals and insertion of needles and other equipment into the vagina. Unsafe abortions led to contraction of infections and led to numerous deaths witnessed during that period. No exact figures are available to know the actual number of victims, however many women were treated of complications resulting from such botched abortions (Leslie, 2000). Even before abortion was legalized, some experienced and well trained physicians began offering abortion services, even with the risk of imprisonment and loss of their medical licenses. Women who wanted to undergo abortion obtained the information through word of mouth. Making abortion a crime did not reduce the number of abortions, it is estimated that the number of abortion in a year shot up to one and a half million every year. Between the year 1967 and 1973, some states began to liberalize the practice. As we can see, it is right to agree with Lesley Reagan that abortion has been a part of us since the eighteenth century, despite the moral and philosophical arguments it brings. The supreme case decision in Roe v. Wade, in 1973, paved way for women to perform safer and legal abortions with experienced medical doctors. Prior to this different states allowed abortions under different circumstances, for example, in 1967, the state of Colorado legalized abortion in the cases of incest , rape or if the pregnancy would put the physical health of the mother in danger. This law made away with all this restrictions. The Supreme Court ruled that the Texas law abolishing abortion except when the life of the mother was in danger, to be criminal. This was ruled on the basis that carrying out an abortion fal ls under the right to privacy. This piece of legislation removed restrictions on the first trimester of pregnancy placed by different states, only allowed restrictions during later stages of the pregnancy. This decision was celebrated, but some especially the Catholic Church and other conservative churches were against the decision. It is at this time that terms such as â€Å"pro-life† and â€Å"pro-choice† emerged. The terms mean basically imposing restrictions to be imposed to criminalize abortion, and removing

u 571 :: essays research papers

U-571   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I watched the film U-571 dealing with the allies versus the Germans for control of the Atlantic Ocean. In U-571 an American Navy crew consisting of at least 10 crew members had a mission to steal an Enigma machine which was a communication device that would code messages to other surrounding German Forces. This mission occurred in 1942 while the Atlantic Ocean was extremely hostile and filled with German U-boats. While carrying out their mission the crew that the movie centers around had many problems to overcome. Many crew members were killed during this mission and the ship that they embarked on was eventually blown up. Because of this the American crew took control of the German U-boat that carried the Enigma machine. The crew faced many challenges while carrying out their mission such as steering clear of other U-boats and Nazi destroyers as well as killing any German survivors still on the U-571. One German remained throughout the movie and continually almost got the American crew discovered by sending Morse code to German forces and by killing members of the American Crew. As the movie continues the leader of the crew, played by Matthew McConaughey, carried out a last minute plan to drop 200 meters below the sea, which the pressure of the water almost destroyed their ship, then submerge after the last torpedo was fixed, It was destroyed during one of the many explosions on the ship during earlier gun fights, and destroy their last threat, a Nazi Destroyer. One of the crew members sacrifices his life to fix a faulty pressure pipe needed to fire the torpedo. After the torpedo was fixed and fired the Nazi Destroyer was destroyed and the American crew was eventually discovered and saved by US navy planes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This movie was based on true missions of American Navy crews that infiltrated U-boats to steal communication devices. I think that this movie truly captured the courage that these men had as they put themselves in danger not only of being killed but also to be tortured by the Germans.

Moral philosophy analyzes Essay

Judith A Boss has clearly brought out an overview abstract in her book Ethics for life. She employs an up to date tone in bringing out the moral development which makes it easy for the reader to relate their own experience on moral growth. Having explored the moral issues in real life, this book aims at significantly improving the readers’ ability to make key decisions on their morality. Book Review – Judith. A. Boss, Ethics for life In contrast to Judith Boss view on ethics, Aristotle held that ethics is something that helps man to be able to keep from error which may subsequently result due to a weakness thus making him have a good happy life. In other words, he associates ethics with the happy life which is enhanced by virtue. Based on his definition of ethics, a person should posses a set of character that will lead him into being a better person thus making the people have morally good characters. He further explains that a person’s virtue has to come from within. His theory is that virtue is a natural choice or principles that a man uses in determining what is right and wrong for him to live a good life (Huener, 1992). Based on her book, the social aspects of life is significant to ethics due to the fact that they analytically act as a foundation for testing ideas about moral development and human nature. Judith A Boss view on ethics is seen as an incorporated structure of philosophy. She analyzes the issue by attempting to explain how a person can grow ethically to be able to develop the society by establishing what is right from what is considered wrong (Boss, 2001, p. 3). Additionally, the book clarifies and gives examples on how ethics acts as a guide to moral decision making for realization of a complete life. In her argument, Boss explains that making the wrong choices in life tend to lead to unhappiness (Boss, 2001, p. 47). Various theories on morality have tried to come up with justifications and guidance for decision making about the right and the wrong. According to Judith Boss, moral theory is not only a means of providing the reasons underlying decision making but it also calls for consistency in our thinking as well as ignorance of beliefs that are usually held in common and are not consistent. Boss explains that a good moral theory is one that provides guidance for resolving and thinking about moral issues (Boss, 2001, p. 3). While looking at the justification of morality, Boss looks at how moral philosophy points out that there is a higher morality. Moral philosophy analyzes and evaluates the principles, virtues and attitudes that are usually used by specific groups of people or culture with regard to principles and concerns that are universally accepted. However, moral philosophy also holds that the justification of morality should not be motivated by self interest; therefore ethical conduct can only be accepted if it is viewed from a somewhat universal perspective (Boss, 2001, pp. 100-132). Besides, Boss explains the importance of social sciences to ethics by saying that they test ideas about moral development, human nature and society systematically. She also adds her view on concepts of human nature by saying that they are useless and highlighting that they could be harmful if in any case they are not grounded in reality. According to Boss, our moral decision making can not be guided sufficiently by good intentions alone (Boss, 2001, pp. 100-132). Such are the ideals brought out in Aristotle’s life history. Aristotle viewed ethics as an attempt to establish the major end or highest good. Aristotle also holds that as humans, our most important activity as humans is the pursuit of good life and since morality is what expresses our human nature fundamentally, it is only when we are being moral that we are happiest (Iloveindia. com). Reference Boss J A. (2001). Ethics for life. McGraw Hill. Pp. 3-132 Huener. , M. (1992). An examination of Aristotle’s ethics. Retrieved October 1, 2008 from http://home. sprynet. com/~owl1/arist2. htm Iloveindia. com. (2008) Aristotle. Retrieved October 1, 2008 from http://festivals. iloveindia. com/teachers-day/famous-teachers/aristotle. html

The Incredible Place that is Cuba - 868 Words

Cuba, Cuba, Cuba! Ranging from grassy plains to gentle hills, from steep mountainsides to calm waters of the beach, Cuba is truly one of the most fascinating places in the world. From the capital city of Havana, to the less populated areas like Guisa, Cuba is highly regarded as a shockingly beautiful location. However, behind all of the beauty, there is a world of history and culture. In fact, located in the Caribbean, Cuba provides an incredible blend of rich history, interesting geography, and unique culture. Geography Located just over 90 miles from the tip of Florida (Nation Facts), Cuba is home to a wide range of interesting geography. Cuba is bordered by only the North Atlantic Ocean to the north, and the Caribbean Sea to†¦show more content†¦This 99.8% literacy rate also leads perfectly into a literature-filled Cuban culture. One of the most famous authors in the country, Leonardo Padura was the 2012 winner of Cuba’s national prize for literature. (World Literature Today) Recently, â€Å"World Literature Today† interviewed Leonardo Padura about his books and what they meant to him and others. When asked about what he thinks his novels remember or bring up, Padura gives the answer â€Å"I believe my novels, at the very least, reflect a lot of things that have been forgotten but that I haven’t wanted to forget.† (World Literature Today). Padura’s first US publication will be The Man Who Loved Dogs (World Literature Today). It was not just Cuban write rs that have made a name for themselves in Cuba, though. Ernest Hemingway spent a lot of his time in Cuba, and even wrote a book called From Whom the Bell Tells while there (Nation Facts). On a different note, the only legally bought cars in cub were those from before 1959 (Nation Facts). This goes to show that time has played crucial role in Cuban history and culture. However, while many of these things can explain culture, there is perhaps no better indicator of culture than a country’s main imports and exports. Cuba’s main imports are petroleum, food, machinery, equipment, and chemicals (Central Intelligence Agency). Some of the chief exports of Cuba are petroleum, nickel, medical products, sugar, tobacco, fish, citrus,Show MoreRelatedFidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution934 Words   |  4 Pagesago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victor y and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, being driven out of his position. Castro had gained a lot of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore political and civil liberties. Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses within Cuba and by presenting anti-AmericanRead MoreFidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution1106 Words   |  5 PagesFor centuries, Cuba s greatest resource has been its people. - Pico Iyer Nearly fifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, surrendering from his position. Castro was an American friend and had gained a great deal of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore basic, essential liberties. CastroRead More Cuban Missle Crisis Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagescame to full-scale nuclear war. When the Soviet Union placed offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba, President Kennedy interpreted the act as one of hostility that would not be tolerated. However, the situation was blown way out or proportion by the president, American media, and ultimately the citizens of the United States. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, was reacting to the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, US Missile installations along the Turkey/Soviet border, and the clear anti-Communist policyRead M oreThe Battle Of The Uss Maine1458 Words   |  6 Pagesbirth of a western hemispheric super power, the United States. The sinking of the USS Maine, the use of yellow press journalism, and the national uproar and motivation is what drove the Americans to victory. Valeriano Weyler, the Spanish General in Cuba, started a campaign called Subjugation or Death. This bloody campaign was Spain’s attempt to force the local people into slavery. Filled with concentration camps, burning villages and murdering Cubans, this campaign took the lives of over 200,000 CubanRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis1349 Words   |  6 Pagesmade settling disputes difficult. In the 1960’s the President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, faced some major challenges. One major event that took place during his Presidency was the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an extremely intense time for the U.S. They learned that the Soviets set up missile bases in Cuba only ninety miles from Florida1. The American people were surrounded by the threat of nuclear war. The initial discovery that the Soviets were planning againstRead MoreThe Technological Accessibility And Socioeconomic Mobility Of Cuban Workers947 Words   |  4 PagesSanta Maria (CSM) causeway in Cuba. The design of the causeway functioned as a method of connecting small parchments of man-made land to the larger archipelagos. Despite the devastation of Hurricane Katrina in ‘05, the causeway remained proportionately intact. During my visit in ‘11, however, the causeway was noted for its damaged bridges still in need of further repair1. The causeway itself (for the most part) is unlit. Due to the (prior) partisan embargo against Cuba, the CSM is a main artery forRead MoreThe Technological Accessibility And Socioeconomic Mobility Of Cuban Workers Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesSanta Maria (CSM) causeway in Cuba. The design of the causeway functioned as a method of connecting small parchments of man-made land to the larger archipelagos. Despite the devastation of Hurrican e Katrina in ‘08, the causeway remained portionately intact. During my visit in ‘11, however, the causeway was noted for its damages bridges still in need of further repair1. The causeway itself (for the most part) is unlit. Due to (prior) partisan economic sanctions against Cuba, the CSM is a main artery forRead MoreThe Great Day Of My Life1395 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt once described his service in the Spanish-American War as â€Å"the great day of my life† (www.nps.com). Roosevelt’s incredible leadership ability was first put to the test and demonstrated during the Battle of Las Guasimas as he braved a hail of enemy fire from horseback and led his men to a flanking position that broke the back of the Spanish forces and sent them into retreat. Following this action, Col. Wood was promoted to General, and Roosevelt was promoted to Colonel, giving him commandRead MoreThe Assassination Of The United States1487 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Kennedyâ⠂¬â„¢s assassination produced inconclusive evidence that they stated as conclusive evidence in the case against Lee Harvey Oswald as the lone shooter. The Warren Commission was established in 1963, one week after the assassination took place. President Johnson, Kennedy s Vice President created the commission in an attempt to further understand the motives behind the malicious attack. Almost one year after the assassination the Warren Commission published their 888 page report filled withRead MoreThe Cuban Revolution1583 Words   |  7 Pagesrule of Batista between 1940 and 1944 Cuba seemed to be making steady progress towards being a democratic and sovereign nation, which was a huge turn over from it’s previous status as either a colony of Spain or being completely unatonomous under the Platt Amendment. The constitution put into place by Batista in 1940 also curried him more favor in the eyes of the Cuban people. It extended rights beyond cookie cutter Western ideals of de mocracy and â€Å"committed Cuba to land reform and social jutice, including

There Is No One Common Definition For Organized Crime,

There is no one common definition for organized crime, after extensive research criminologists seem to describe organized crime as, a criminal conspiracy of several persons motivated for economic enrichment. On the other hand, the FBI defines organized crime as, any group having some formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain through illegal activities.† Organized crime branches out into various criminal activities, such as cybercrime, money laundering, counterfeiting, illicit drug trafficking, and human trafficking to mention a few. Organized crime cells that involve drug trafficking systematically have a hierarchical system that include the upper level drug trafficker, high level drug trafficker, importer,†¦show more content†¦It is imperative that the candidate have some business experience and have a respectable lifestyle away from drug trafficking. Within a drug trafficking organization there is always that someone or group of people what are willing to take that next step into bigger shoes and take the lead. Such top job would only occur if the upper level drug trafficker is arrested. Although incarcerated the upper level drug trafficker may lose his spot on the totem pole, he can still call the shots from prison. Many organized crime and illicit drug trafficking seem to branch out hand in hand. A drug trafficking organization (DTO) is a criminal enterprise solely out to make money and without blinking an eye would economically exploit a person or persons in a heartbeat. There are some criminal cells that are very influential in that they can corrupt high ranking public officials. For the DTO to be successful corruption and violence is commanded. There have been several occasions where a commissioned officer, judge or a border patrol agent has given in to the greed of money and wealth and allowed a DTO to be able to comfortably move merchandise as needed. Should there be a problem, then the DTO utilizes violence in whatever form necessary to fix the problem at hand. It’s pathetic when illicit drug trafficking monies are included in Mexico’s economic value statistics. Six percent of the gross domestic product are that of illicit drugShow MoreRelatedMy Perception Of Organized Crime933 Words   |  4 PagesThere are few adults in this country who have not heard of the terms â€Å"Mafia†, the â€Å"Mob†, or â€Å"Organized Crime†. Hence, there are probably as many opinions of what these terms mean as there are people who know them. Over the years, my perceptions about organized crime came mainly through Hollywood productions or news accounts of criminal activity. Overall, I have had a disapproving opinion of organized crime. I would say that for the most part my perceptions prior to enrollment in this class have beenRead MoreOrganized Crime And Criminal Behavior904 Words   |  4 Pageshad a perspective of â€Å"organized crime† groups that did not view them in any other context other than a criminal ente rprise for ethnic groups. However, after several weeks of reading and research there is much more to the organizations. There are many groups that make up our society, and are considered social institutions. Organized crime groups are just one more of those social institutions. In this paper we will review the term social institution as it applies to organized crime, and reveal the theoriesRead MoreTheories And Rational Choice Theory1274 Words   |  6 Pageschoice theory. The two types of crimes that were chosen were organized crime, specifically focusing on gangs, and terrorism. Then the crimes will be compared and contrasted. Finally, the developmental theory will be applied to organized crime to explain why and how it happens. The rational choice theory will be applied to terrorism to explain what compels individuals to attempt this form of criminality. Organized Crime (Gangs) The definition of organized crime is â€Å"crime committed by groups engaged inRead MoreThe scene of organized crime has long since changed after the reign of Italian and Sicilian mafia,1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe scene of organized crime has long since changed after the reign of Italian and Sicilian mafia, and has evolved into modern terms. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines organized crime as any group having some manner of a formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through through illegal activities.. The motive is almost always to gain money, as stated in the definition given by the FBI, or significant power over a region. For such a large feat of gainingRead MoreThe World Becomes More Globalized And The Internet974 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction As the world becomes more globalized and the internet continues to provide a forum for unscrupulous organizations and persons, Transnational Crime Organizations (TCOs) have evolved from the traditional local community thugs to more fluid, nebulas, and adaptive entities connected to other groups. Given their more nibble far reaching status and connections to other nefarious organizations, are TCOs a bigger threat to National Security than previously thought and should they receive aRead MoreEssay on Organized Crime Wthin The Unit1461 Words   |  6 Pages Organized Crime Within the United States Organized crime is a widespread topic of concern among many Americans due to its popularity in the media and entertainment industry. The public is aware of its existence, yet is not fully aware of why and how this complex â€Å"underworld† exists. In order to fully understand this area of criminology, one must take into account the characteristics of organized crime, the variables that allow organized crime to thrive, its large-scale effects on society, andRead More Theories Explaining Juvenile Crime Essay examples1601 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Crime Many theories, at both the macro and micro level, have been proposed to explain juvenile crime. Some prominent theories include Social Disorganization theory, Differential Social Organization theory, Social Control theory, and Differential Association theory. When determining which theories are more valid, the question must be explored whether people deviate because of what they learn or from how they are controlled? Mercer L. Sullivan’s book, â€Å"Getting Paid† Youth Crime and WorkRead MoreCja 384 Controlling Organized Crime1370 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol organized crime and not just in the United States of America but also abroad. This is a country and others are wrought with opportunities, but many would seek to use those opportunities improperly to illegal ends. The consequences of these criminals and their actions can be detrimental to the overall well-being of the general populace by introducing negative elements into the greater whole of society. For that reason, and many others, numerous agencies were created to police these crimes andRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1200 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organize Crime Paper Louis Pierre CJA/384 May 6, 2013 University of phoenix Professor: Glen Winters Controlling Organize Crime Paper Organize crime is a conspiratorial activity involving the coordination of numerous people in the planning and execution of illegal acts or in the pursuit of a legitimate objective by unlawful means, for example, threatening a legitimate business to get stake in it. However, organize crime involves continuous commitment by primary members, althoughRead MoreClassification of Gangs847 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested both sociologists and law enforcement. For the purpose of law enforcement, a gang is generally defined as an organized group among the members of which there is well-designed communication. This paper evaluates classification schemes from current research for gangs. The objective is to discover the issues and problems in creating classifications for gangs including a definition which delineates what constitutes a gang and differentiates it from other social and sports groups. The paper also

Lord God, God And God - 851 Words

The Hebrew Bible is a redaction, a single document stitched together using different sources. The first book, Genesis, means origin: both the origin of the world (creation) and modern humans (genealogy). It is the product of two sources known as the Priestly source (P) and the Yahwistic or Non-Priestly Source (J). The two sources present different versions of the supreme being: God and Lord God. While God and Lord God both have immense power and the unique ability to create, they are separate characters with separate personalities. Lord God is like a Greek anthropomorphic god with human desires and limitations, whereas God is an all-powerful abstract being of pure spirit. Lord God, like a Greek anthropomorphic god, has a human form and body. We first learn about Lord God in chapter two, the second creation story. Firstly, Lord God â€Å"formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath.† (2.7) The verb â€Å"to form† implies that Lord God made man with his hands, and he has a breath, so he is not just an immaterial being. Therefore, Lord God must have a physical form because he is directly involved in the work of creation, not just commanding things to be. We see evidence of his physical presence later when Adam and Eve â€Å"[hear] the sound of the Lord God walking in the garden†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3.8) For Lord God to be walking and making noise in the garden, he would need to have feet, and by extension, a body. In addition to his human physique, Lord God has a humanShow MoreRelatedThe Lord Of God Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesSent by whom? And what orders? In the New Testament context, the One who sends is the LORD Jesus Christ, and the order of the LORD is to â€Å"[equip] the saints, for the work of ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ, till we all come to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of GOD† (Eph 4:12-13). This work of the LORD had been planned and appointed before the foundation of the world. GOD who sees the end from the beginning has already appointed all things before He began timeRead MoreSummary : The Lord God 901 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Why do you keep on saying that I am your Lord, when you refuse to do what I say? Anyone who comes and listens to me and obeys me† Luke 6:46-47 (Contemporary English Version Bible) When a society starts to do things that are unpleasant to the eyes of God, this will be a society in which sooner or later God s judgment will be evident, and not because God is bad who wants the death of those who sinned, but on the contrary God delights in showing mercy, â€Å"Suppose wicked people stop sinning and startRead MoreNotes On The Lord God2148 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Lord was upon me, and he brought me out in the Spirit of the Lord and set me down in the middle of the valley; it was full of bones. 2 And he led me around among them, and behold, there were very many on the surface of the valley, and behold, they were very dry. 3 And he said to me, â€Å"Son of man, can these bones live?† And I answered, â€Å"O Lord God, you know.† 4 Then he said to me, â€Å"Prophesy over these bones, and say to them, O dry bones, hear the word of the Lord. 5 Thus says the Lord God to theseRead MoreReflection On God s The Lord God Planted A Garden Essay1063 Words    |  5 PagesIn this essay, I will take the position that God waited to create Eve in order to properly prepare Adam to be a husband/leader. Being the very first being created on earth and having no experience in how to live, God would need to teach Adam the necessary steps for a productive and successful life. Especially since there was a fallen being roaming around, God needed Adam’s full attention to establish a relationship with him, teach him the importance of guarding something precious, and that obeyingRead MoreThe Laughter Of Jesus And The Lord Of God2050 Words   |  9 Pagesjustice. The type of justice only an omnipotent Lord can bring forth. The satisfaction these individuals find occurs when the Lord is satisfied. As for those that weep, their tears will release the sorrow their soul contains. The laughter Jesus brings forth for them will release their joy, a joy that comes with the arrival of the Kingdom of God. In verse 6:22, Jesus calls upon those that are hated or excluded due to their identification or belief in God or Jesus. While they may be suffering now, soonRead MoreThe Lord God And His Oppressive Punishment927 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lord God and his Oppressive Punishment According to Genesis in the Hebrew bible’s story of Adam and Eve, The Lord God is the creator of everything and an authoritarian. The Lord God is the supreme being in the story where he has absolute power and expects obedience from his creatures or subjects. The Lord God created the universe, the earth, the land, the seas, plants, and all living creatures. The Lord God also created the first humans, which were Adam and Eve. The Lord God placed themRead MoreThe Notion of God in the Lord of the Rings Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesDaniel and the Book of Revelation are inherently religious and centered around God. As a result, most later apocalyptic literature is also religiously centered, with God as the instrumental entity (Shaffer 142). Those who have read J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings remember most vividly the final great battle where evil is overcome in the apocalyptic ending of an age. Tolkiens bit of apocalyptic literature in The Lord of the Rings seems dif ferent from traditional religious notions of an apocalypseRead MoreReview Of Tanna Anderson s The Lord God Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagesnear the end of Isaiah’s ministry and the end of Israel’s exile? 4. Preventative vs. Redemptive Prophecy; how does this affect the application to the church? 5. Is Isaiah or God the speaker during this particular prophecy? 6. The closest proclamation text is in Isaiah 65:13 which declares, â€Å"the LORD God† not just â€Å"LORD† as is stated in Isaiah 65:8. Is this significant? 7. Who is the audience â€Å"they† that the speaker is speaking too? 8. What audience does the general context of Isaiah 65:1 establishRead MoreSavagery in Lord of the Flies and City of God Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages William Golding and Fernando Meirelles present these ideas in their works, the novel Lord of the Flies and the film City of God. They tell the stories of two places with no rational legal authorities, where savageness is way of life. In these stories, Piggy and Rocket are similar in that they become outsiders in their communities because of their mindfulness and empathy to savagery. In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding uses Piggys character to show how intelligence cannot survive inRead MoreAnalysis Of Timothy s God And The Lord Jesus Christ 902 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2 Timothy 4:1-4 Paul charges Timothy along with Christians of today with â€Å"God and the Lord Jesus Christ† as his witnesses to, â€Å"Preach the Word!† This exhortation does not come without merit, Paul gives his reasons in verse three and four why it is important. â€Å"For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine, but according to their own desires, because they have itching ears, they will heap up for themselves teachers; and they will turn their ears away from the truth, and be turned

Any Two Love or War Poems Studied and Compare and Contrast Free Essays

The first poem I am going to write about is the Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred lord Tennyson. Alfred was born on the 6th of August 1809 in Lincolnshire England. Alfred died on the 6th of October 1892. We will write a custom essay sample on Any Two Love or War Poems Studied and Compare and Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now The poem is talking about war that he read in the newspaper and he wrote a poem about them. The battle took place in the 1854. Alfred was not a soldier in the war he think war is a good thing. In the first verse it talks about the six hundred soldiers going to war in the valley of death. He talks about the soldier being ambushed in the valley by the Russian army. The commander told the soldiers to go to the valley. The soldiers travel about six or seven miles in the valley â€Å"half a league, half a league, half a league onwards all in the valley of death†. There is a good use of tripling half a league, half a league, half a league three times at start sets up a rhythm you can nearly hear the gallop of the horses hooves as you say the words. There is personification in this verse â€Å"Valley of death† this is a good because it suggests to us that the Light Brigade are going to lose their lives in the valley few of them will survive the battle. In the second verse he talks about the soldiers going up the valley ready to battle â€Å"Forward the light brigade†. The soldier didn’t have a choice to go and battle in the valley of death. The soldiers had to go and fight because that was there duty to do as the commander asks them to do saw. Alfred said the soldiers was brave because it said in the poem â€Å"theirs not to make reply Theirs not reason why Theirs but to do or die† This tells us that Alfred is telling that the soldiers was brave to fight for there country. In this verse there is personification â€Å"In to the valley of death†. This is a good use of personification because it describes the valley of death because of the battle in the valley. Ther is a ggod verb the â€Å"Blunder’d† is good because it means making a mistake. This underlines the fact that what the Light Brigade is doing is going to end in disaster. In the third verse it talks about the cannons shooting the light brigade â€Å"cannon to the right of them, cannons to the left of them Cannons in front of them† this is good repetition of the word â€Å"Cannan† underlines how senusly survounded the Light Brigade was by the enemy. It also tells us that with connons all round them the Light Brigade were moving into a deadly trap as there was no escape route. Theres a good persanification bthere â€Å"Jaws of hell† this is good because â€Å"Jaws† are used for eating and gobbling up food. The idea is that the soldiers are going to be eaten up by the fireing canans of the russians. The word â€Å"Hell† suggest that the place and circumstances are horrible like hell. There is a sense of doom. Alfred lord Tennyson tells that the light brigade was bravely to go to the valley and fight. â€Å"Boldly they rode and well† The light brigade was foolish to go to the valley of death because the enemy was in the top and they could shoot them easily. In the forth verse it talks about the Light Brigade ready to battle as they take there swards out. â€Å"Flash’d all their sabres bare† â€Å"Flash’d as they tum’d in air† The light brigade was fighting the gunners away and charging the army away. Theres a good use of verbs in this poem â€Å"Flash’d, sabring, charging, plunged at the beginning of the verse underlines the heroic bravery with which they rode into the valley. â€Å"Reel’d shalter’d and shunderd, This verbs at the end of the cerse tell us that the battle went badly for the Light Brigade and they are forced to retread. Alfred was talking about â€Å"all the world was wondered† as the Light Brigade was trying to fight. At the end it tells that the Light Brigade was retiring from the battle â€Å"reeled from the sabre stroke†. The soldiers was tired after the battle â€Å"shattered and shunder’d†. The last two lines is saying that the light brigade is going back but not the six hundred that had started in the battle â€Å"Then they rode back but not, Not the six hundred† In verse five it describing the battle that the Light Brigade fought in the valley of death. Alfred is saying what was the battle like to fight in. â€Å"While horses and hero fell† he is telling that the soldiers in the Light Brigade were being killed while they were fighting. In the last lines it tells â€Å"All that was left of them, Left of the six hundred† In this verse there are personification â€Å"The jaws of death† There’s use of onomatopoeia â€Å"Thundered† and â€Å"Stormed† as you hear the noises in your head, you are made aware of the seriousness of the attack against the Light Brigade, the cannons are shooting them to pieces. In the last verse of the poem is telling how proud were the soldiers when they came back of the battle â€Å"when can their glory fade† Alfred is praise war and fighting and the soldiers in the Light Brigade. â€Å"Honour the charge they made,† he is praising the charge that the Light Brigade made in the battle. Alfred is saying that the Light Brigade was brave to fight in the battle in the valley â€Å"Noble six hundred†. He uses onomatopoeia In this verse like â€Å"Thundered† and Stormed† as you hear the noises in your head you are made aware of the seriousness of the attack against the light brigade. The second poem I’m going to talk about is Dulce ET Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen was born 18 of March 1893 in Shropshire England and he dead in the war in France in November 1918. In these to poems there are differences and similarities. In Wilfred Owens poem he has written from his experiences in war than Alfred had only read it from the newspaper. Wilfred was saying that war was a terrible thing and Alfred was praising war in his poem. I think that Alfred lord Tennyson is wrong about war, war isn’t I good thing its terrible and Wilfred is write about war. The similarities in the two war poems are the both lots of soldiers are scared in the two poems. In the two poems there are creating a picture in your mined that there are people dieing in the poems. â€Å"In all my dreams before my helpless sight He plunges at me guttering, choking, drowning in Wilfred Owens poem and in Alfred poem is saying, â€Å"sobering the gunners there†. The poem starts off with a description of the soldiers. This is totally contrast to light Brigade where the soldiers are â€Å"bold† and â€Å"Nobel†. Soldiers in Dulce ET Decorum Est look like a bunch of old women â€Å"Nock-kneed† and â€Å"coughing like hags†. The poem starts with a smile. The soldiers are compared to â€Å"old beggars under sacks† This is complete different with how we expect soldiers to be like they are tall and strong and their backs strait not â€Å"bent double† Theirs a good use of repetition in this verse. Repetition of the idea of old. â€Å"old beggars† and â€Å"hags† like old women. This contras again with how soldiers should be we expect them to be young and full of life. There are some verbs in this verse such as â€Å"trudge† â€Å"marched asleep† â€Å"drunken with fatigue† suggest totally exhausted men who are nearly dead on their feet. This is totally different to the types of verbs used in the â€Å"Light Brigade† such as â€Å"charging† and â€Å"flashing† of swards. In verse 2 there is totally chaos when someone shouts out â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick boys† The soldiers are so tired that their reactions in finding and putting n their gas masks is really slow. Words like â€Å"clumsy† â€Å"Stumbling† underline that their movements are awkward and tired. In contrast the actions of the soldiers in the charge of the light brigade are fast and effective â€Å"boldly they rode and well† From this point onwards Dulce focuses on one induidiual man the one who fails to get his mask on and dies because his lungs are filling up with gas and he cannot breath, very different to the light brigade which focuses throughout on six hundred men. Dulce forces the reader to become emotionally involved we care about the terrible death of this one man but in light brigade because there are six hundred of them we seem to care less that most of them die. In verse 3 Wilfred Owen begins to talk directly to you. Earlier he has used â€Å"I† â€Å"I saw him drowning† which means that he personally was at the battle and witnessed what happened. Again this technique makes us feel sorry for the man who died. Differently to Alfred was never a soldier he read about the light brigade battle in the news paper the uses the pronoun â€Å"They† throughout his poem so again we don’t feel close to these soldiers. The imagery in verse 3 of dulce is associated with parts of the body and ideas about likes that the reader finds disgusting e. g. the block came gargling from the frat and â€Å"obscene as cancer† These quotes underline how terrible death of this man was and if only people understood this they would stop pretending that it is great to die for your country Tennyson dreams that it is glorious , noble and brave die for your country. How to cite Any Two Love or War Poems Studied and Compare and Contrast, Essay examples

Whipped Inspiration free essay sample

Whipped into Inspiration â€Å"Cheer is your pulse, heartbeat, your breathing. It’s rhythm of your life. It’s the expression and movement, in happiness, joy, sadness and envy. † –Jaques D’Amboise. Every since I was a little child, I would be astonished and mesmerized by how cheerleaders could captivate your attention on their movements. One simple technique could keep you wondering all night. Questions you would ask yourself would be; how did she do that or how much practice did it take her just to perfect that one single move? I’ve had this urge, ever since I was 4 years old, to be able to entertain thousands of millions of people on the competition dance floor. I’ve always thought that life is about leaving your mark in the world. I feel that through cheer I could transmit my life story and leave my work. I know that I will get to the top by practicing and learning many different styles of dance along my pilgrimage. We will write a custom essay sample on Whipped Inspiration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"You do a certain movement and tons of people in the crowd go â€Å"Oooh†, and you didn’t even need to say anything, tell a joke, and sing lyrics because you were just moving to the beat. That always gets them† –Alonzo Jones. Before I found my passion for cheer, I only had one goal in my mind. That goal was become the â€Å"THE BEST† cheerleader. I’ve been told that dreaming big will only lead to disappointment but I’m a very fierce competitor. I’m perseverant and tenacious in achieving my goals. I remember that, before I was introduced to cheer, I wanted to somehow want to be unique in our society. Before cheer, I was mostly focused on designing my ideal life. I want to build my life towards something. That â€Å"something† is my goals in life. The first time I saw a cheer routine was when I saw a cheerleading competition. On that evening, the cheer music was blasting and there was the team on the stage. Anybody who was brave enough would go up there and dance in front of thousands of individuals. I was sitting down beside my mother and we were just watching in a gaze. Proud fans clapped and screamed as the cheerleading team approached the dance floor. They went up on the dance floor, they started dancing and I wasn’t quite sure what style they were using because I have a very vague memory of that day. The cheerleaders then inspired me into cheerleading after their performance. I felt, throughout their performance, that I needed to be like them. So from that day on, I decided to cheer. I started practicing and doing a lot of research to find a local cheerleading team. Another person who inspired me even more to cheer was my cousin Stephanie. I remember the way she danced was amazing and I could feel her commitment to the cheer routine. I don’t know how, but that’s just the magic of cheerleading. Throughout this journey, I have been exposed to various cheerleading styles. For example: stunting and jumping. Stunting is all about using various people to lift another person into the air. They all work together as a group. The term jumping is just using flexibility to your best ability and just flying the air. I personally like stunting better because the audience gets more entertained more. I mostly like doing stuff that shocks the audience with questions. My favorite stint is the â€Å"Liberty†. I love doing this stunt because it always leaves the audience fascinated. All my focus is towards my performance on the dance floor and how I captivate my viewers’ heedfulness. Now that I’m older I’ve decided that the best thing for me to do was just to continue my cheerleading and venture off doing others things. I decided to try-out for my high school cheerleading team and even though I was sure that I didn’t have enough skills to be accepted on the team because of all of their further skills than I. I realized that I really did have the skills to be successful on the high school cheerleading team and I made it during my freshman year of high school. Ever since then, my cheerleading skills have increased dramatically and now I feel more confident than ever. It’s my senior year of high school and I’ve continued my cheer career and I want to further continue my cheer career into college because I feel that cheerleading gives me self-confidence, healthy, and allows me to be competitive but yet channeling my inner-self. My life has advanced very differently since I’ve been into cheerleading. I used to want to pursue many other sports but was never quite interested like I am into cheerleading. I will express my life story into cheerleading. I hope that one day a person in the audience can be inspired just like the way I was. Cheerleading has been a very vital part in my life. Growing with it has made me look at the world differently in new eyes. â€Å"Remember that cheerleading has dimension beyond the physical. The body as imperfect as it always is, is only part of the picture. Your energy, the quality of your movement, your feeling about the world, your cheerleading spirit that is what we see under the hot lights will the audience is glaring out at you above. † –Dance and Cheer Magazine

Biosafety Regulation in India free essay sample

India has placed great importance on the development of a strong scientific sector since its early days as an independent country. As a subset of science and technology, India quickly identified the potential biotechnology had for fostering national development. The Sixth Five Year Plan, which set out the developmental priorities of India for 1980 1985, signalled out biotechnology as a useful tool to meet the health and agriculture needs of the Indian population. Later on, in February 1986, a full fledged Department of Biotechnology was created that was independent and which could independently pilot singularly the multi faceted development in biotechnology in the country. These development raised a lot of Biosafety concerns which led to development of regulatory regime around the world. India was one of the earliest countries to establish a biosafety system and Biosafety rules were introduced even before the Convention of Biosafety was adopted at Rio De Janeiro in 1992. The Ministry of Environment amp; Forests had enacted Environment and Protection Act in 1986 to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and the related matters. We will write a custom essay sample on Biosafety Regulation in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Under this act, the Rules for Manufacture, Use/Import/ Export amp; Storage Of Hazardous Micro Organisms/ Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989 were notified by MoEF through Notification No. 621 in Official Gazette of Govt. of India on December 5, 1989. India was thought to have a regulatory system which was in place to tackle any problem relating to bio safety but the failure of Bt cotton provoked a serious debate regarding the safety of Agriculture Biotechnology in the country. This was a major back to the government and clearly indicated the lack of regulations on the Biotechnology front. In a couple of years, there were a series of legislations to agnate Biosafety regulations which included mainly National Biosafety Act, 2002. There has been a constant chance in the Biosafety regime but the discussion on restructuring of Biosafety regulations never took a back seat and has been a concern even today after almost a decade. The seminar paper will essentially look into the Biosafety regulation in India, what are the lacunas in it. Part-I provides a very brief introduction to the topic. Part-II will be dealing with the framework of the Biosafety regulation in India. The Author has looked at both the national as well as international front. She has also tried to provide a structure of the entire regulatory framework in III part of the Paper. In Part-IV of the paper, the author will be elucidating the Biosafety regulation. The next part (Part-V) will assess the proposal for the structure change. Part V critiques the present structure which exists. Lastly, the author will conclude with certain recommendations. Part-II Framework of Biosafety Regulation When assessing the Indian legal framework for biotechnology, attention must be paid both to international compromises and internal norms. It is party to many treaties which have an impact on the domestic regulation. These treaties pertain to several public international law regimes, such as international trade law, international environmental law, intellectual property law and international human rights law. The National regime has mainly evolved from the EPA, 1986. International Level India is party to several international treaties that directly impact on biotechnology regulation and management. India is a signatory to an agreement establishing WTO, thus it is bound by its agreements and, among them two of them need to be looked into in particular: 1) the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement The agreement prescribes the adjustment of national regulations to international standards, something which can be of relevance in case of standards aimed at safeguarding the quality, biosafety and efficacy of biotechnological products; and 2) the TRIPS agreement, It prescribes the patentability of inventions in any field of technology, including microorganisms. Indian Patent Law has also undergone a lot of changes for the need to adapt Indian law to the TRIPS Agreement. t. The Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002 introduced significant changes with regard to the patentability of biotechnological inventions. By specifically allowing for the patentability of microorganisms, the law complied with the requirement of article 27. 3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement. The exclusion of inventions which represent the ‘discovery of any living thing or non-living substance occurring in nature’, consists of ‘traditional knowledge’ or of ‘known properties of traditionally known components’ would lead to the exclusion from patentability of some biotechnology-based inventions. The Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004, later replaced by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 (Act 15 of 2005) introduced the third set of amendments to the 1970 Patent Act. The key modification was the introduction of product patents for fields of technology previously excluded from protection. This Amendment introduced a new provision (section 3(d)) aimed to prevent the grant of patents on ‘minor’ or ‘frivolous’ inventions. But the most important of them all is the CBD. Article 15. recognises the States sovereign rights over their resources and confers on them the â€Å"authority to determine access to genetic resources†. Article 15. 4 subjects access to foreign resources to â€Å"mutually agreed terms†, while article 15. 5 conditions it to the prior informed consent of the Party providing those resources. Article 15 also requires States to adopt measures to share in a fair and equitable way with the Party providing the genetic resources the r esults of research and development and the benefits deriving from their commercialization and other uses. Hence, disclosure of origin is an important element of the CBD access and benefit-sharing regime, and reflects the interrelationship of the CBD regime with the international intellectual property law system. Proving this interrelationship, in India, failure to disclose the source and origin can result in the invalidation of the patent. India is also a party to the 1977 Budapest Treaty on the Deposit of Microorganisms. Signatory States to this Treaty are obliged to recognise the deposit of a strain or sample of a microorganism claimed in a patent as disclosure of the invention. Patent applicants must deposit the material in an international depository authority. Article 10(4)(ii) of the Patents Act, 1970 alludes to the Budapest Treaty, and sets out the conditions governing the deposit of microorganisms. The Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank is a national facility established in 1986 which, since 2002, has become one of the international depository authorities capable of receiving strains or samples of microorganisms. Under the auspices of the CBD, the Cartagena Protocol was entered into force on September 11, 2003. The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. It establishes an Advance Informed Agreement procedure for ensuring that countries are provided with the information necessary to make informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such organisms into their territory. The Protocol most significantly enshrines the precautionary principle. The principle is codified in Article 10. of the Protocol, enabling importing countries to base their decision of banning an import due to the potential risk it poses to human health and environment even in the absence of sufficient scientific information about the kinds and extent of risk. India ratified the Protocol and by ratifying the protocol, India and other developing countries would be able to put in place safeguards to ensure safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs and protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by LMOs,. Nat ional Level The present institutional framework is the outcome of a relatively unsystematic evolution which has in its origin the 1986 EPA. The EPA contains the legal foundations of the Indian biotechnology system. Sections 6, 8 and 25 are worth noting: Section 6 enables the Indian government to enact rules on procedures, safeguards, prohibitions and restrictions for the handling of hazardous substances; Section 8 subjects the handling of hazardous substances to safeguards and procedures; and Section 25 empowers the government to continue this task and adopt specific rules and guidelines in the field of biosafety. The provision of the Act provided for a legal background for the Rules for Manufacturing, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells. These rules were first notified under the EPA, 1986, including the elaboration of a series of guidance documents published by the DBT in 1990, 1998 and 1999. These rules cover the areas of research, development, large-scale use, and import of biotech organisms and their products. They are accompanied by a â€Å"Schedule†, which is a list that identifies and categorises animal and human pathogens according to their risk profile. The most significant provision is Rule 9, which prohibits deliberate or unintentional release of genetically-engineered organisms or cells covered under the schedule for experimental purposes, except when approved as a special case by the regulatory body concerned. It establishes that unless special permission by the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee is granted, it has prohibited the unintentional and deliberate release of genetically modified organisms and cells covered under the schedule for experimental purposes. It clarifies that â€Å"deliberate release† means intentional transfer of GMO/hazardous, microorganisms or cells to the environment or nature. As per Rule 7, the GEAC must also approve the import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell of any hazardous microorganisms of GMO/substances or cells. Rule 8 requires previous approval of the regulatory body for production and discharge of genetically engineered organisms or cells into the environment. Rules 10 and 11 require permission and approval to be taken for substances, products and foodstuffs and additives that contain genetically-engineered organisms or cells. In what follows, the author describes the evolution of the Indian regulatory regime through three phases. Phase I: Establishment of Three-tier regime (1986-2002) In 1986, the government established the Department of Biotechnology imagining a new sector where India could be a global competitor. The Rules for Manufacturing, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells were notified under the EPA,1986 providing the core basis for regulating GM. The regulatory regime was structured into three tiers: firstly, an Institutional Biosafety Committee, the RCGM and lastly the GEAC. The author has described the function done by each of the committee in the later part of the paper. In 1990, DBT enacted the Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines supplementing the Biosafety Rules, which have been revised on two occasions (1994, Revised Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology and 1998, Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants). These guidelines are crucial for conducting DNA research activities, experimentation, quality control and importation of products resulting from biotechnology. The biosafety rules have been supplemented by the Biotechnology Safety Guidelines issued by the DBT. These Guidelines have been issued in pursuance of Rule 4(2) of the Biosafety Rules, which require manuals of guidelines to be brought out by the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, a component of the biosafety decision-making apparatus that is serviced by the DBT. The guidelines carry detailed analysis and assessment of biosafety levels. The 1990 and 1994 DBT guidelines recommend appropriate practices, equipments and facilities necessary for safeguards in handling GMOs in agriculture and pharmaceutical sectors. These guidelines cover the Ramp;D activities on GMOs, transgenic crops, large-scale production and deliberate release of GMOs, plants, animals and products into the environment, shipment and importation of GMOs for laboratory research. The 1998 DBT guidelines cover areas of recombinant DNA research on plants including the development transgenic plants and their growth in soil for molecular and field evolution. Phase II: Peak period of Critique (2002-2005) The National Biodiversity Act 2002 and the Biological Diversity Rules aimed at implementing the CBD. The National Biotechnology Act states that its goal is the conservation, sustainable utilization and equitable sharing of the benefits that result from genetic resources. In order to achieve its goals, the Act provides for access and benefit sharing mechanisms (including the disclosure of origin of the genetic material) and incorporates conservation principles. The Act also created a new Institution: the National Biodiversity Authority. Other important norms influencing activities in the biotechnology field are the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act 2001 (provides plant breeders with rights over new plant varieties), the Indian Patent Act (particularly important Section 3(d), regarding patentability criteria), Biosecurity Regulations, the Seed Act and Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. During the same time period, while the GEAC deliberated the release of the Bt Cotton varieties, news broke down that Bt cotton was in fact already planted in large area primarily in the state of Gujarat. The government eventually shut down the contraband seeds, the farmers had already managed to backcross it with their own seeds supply. In the wake of lack of legitimacy and credibility faced by the regulatory regime, a task force including some of the nations’ most distinguished scientists was invited to access the situation. The 2004 Report of the Task Force on the Application of Agricultural Biotechnology chaired by Prof. M. S. Swaminathan recommended the establishment of an autonomous, statutory and professionally-led National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority that would have two separate wings – one dealing with food and agricultural biotechnology, and the other with medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology. The Report provided a practical, specific blueprint for regulators to begin the process of renovation. Regulators integrated the recommendations into their ten year vision, the â€Å"National Biotechnology Development Strategy†, in 2005. Phase III: Peak period of transformation Under the regulatory mechanisms, the new authority recommended a competent single National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority be established with separate divisions for agriculture products/transgenic crops, pharmaceuticals/drugs and industrial products; and transgenic food/feed and transgenic animal/aquaculture. The authority is to be governed by an independent administrative structure with common chairman. The inter-ministerial group will evolve suitable proposals for consideration of the government. As regards the regulation of biotechnology, the Strategy states that the NBRA will be established as an independent, autonomous and professionally led body to provide a single window mechanism for biosafety clearance of genetically modified products and processes. DBT has been given the responsibility to set up the NBRA and until such time as the NBRA is fully functional, biotechnology regulation will continue under the existing regulatory framework. The NBRA requires the passing of its new draft bill in the Parliament before the official shift to the new regime can occur, but as of now it is yet to happen and there are no signs of the draft being introduced in House. It was supposed to be introduced in 2012 Budget session but was not owing to some technical issues. Part- III Structure There is no permanent secretariat to monitor the trials of the GMOs. Instead the regulations are implemented by various ad hoc committees. The biosafety rules are Multi-layered in nature, cross cutting between many ministries. The most important committees are: the Institutional Biosafety Committees, responsible for the local implementation of guidelines; the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulations responsible for issuing permits; and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee responsible for monitoring the large ­scale and commercial use of transgenic materials. These committees have statutory authority. Most of the committee members are from the scientific community and staff of DBT and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. DBT appoints the members to the committees. The GEAC is supposed to be assisted by the State Biotechnology Coordination Committees and District Level Committees (DLC). However, none of the 26 states have established SBCC and DLC committees, not even in areas where field trials are already taking place. Through the biosafety regulations, Government of India established a three-tier regulatory structure at the central level in New Delhi comprising three committees: 1. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committe This committee is under Ministry of Environment and Forests. It approves the use of bioengineered products for commercial applications. This Committee is also responsible for approving activities involving large scale use of bioengineered organisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from an environmental safety angle. Imports of bioengineered food/feed or processed product derived thereof also requires the committees approval. The committee consult RCGM on technical matters relating to clearance of bioengineered crops/products. It takes punitive actions on those found violating GM rules under EPA, 1986. 2. Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation The review committee functions under Department of Biotechnology. It develops guidelines for the regulatory process for research and use of bioengineered products from a biosafety angle. It is also responsible for monitoring and reviewing all ongoing GM research projects up to the multi location restricted field trial stage. The Review Committee undertakes visits to trial sites to ensure adequate security measures are taken. It issues clearance for the import of raw materials needed in GM research projects. It scrutinizes the applications made to the GEAC for the import of bioengineered products. Form Monitoring and Evaluation Committee for biotech crop research projects is also done by this committee. It appoints sub-groups when required in topics of interest to the committee. 3. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee This committee also function under the DBT. It takes note of developments in biotechnology at the national and international level and prepares suitable uidelines for safety in research and applications of GMOs. It also prepares other guidelines as may be required by the GEAC. 4. Monitoring Cum Evaluation Committee This committee is required to undertake field visits at experimental sites, suggest remedial measures to adjust original trial design, assist the RCGM in collecting and analysing field data and collect or cause to collect information on comparative agronomic advantages of transgenic plants. 5. Institutional Biosafety Committee The committee functions at research institution/Organization level. It develops a manual of guidelines for the regulatory process on bioengineered organisms in research, use and application to ensure environmental safety. It authorizes and monitors all ongoing biotech projects to the controlled multi location field stage. It also authorizes imports of bioengineered organisms/transgenic for research purposes. The committee coordinates with district and state level biotechnology committees. 6. State Biotechnology Coordination Committee It functions under the state government where biotech research occurs. It is responsible for periodical reviews the safety and control measures of institutions handling bio-engineered products. It also inspect and take punitive action through the State Pollution Control Boards or the Directorate of Health in case of violations. Nodal agency at the state level to assess damage, if any, due to release of bio-engineered organisms and take on-site control measures. 7. District-Level Committee DLC functions under the district administration where biotech research occurs. It monitors safety regulations in research and production installations. Investigate compliance with rDNA guidelines and report violations to SBCC or GEAC. It is a nodal agency at district level to assess damage, if any, due to release of bio-engineered organisms and take on-site control measures. DBT provides the secretariat for RCGM and MEC, and the MoEF for GEAC. The GoI also issued directives on the setting up a decentralised structure consisting of IBC, SBCCs and DLCs. The biosafety regulations indicate in broad terms the composition and responsibilities of all these six bodies. DBT is represented on all of them except the SBCCs and DLCs. Part III Criticism In the matter of biosafety laws and policies, India was one of the early movers in the developing world. But Indias encounter with Bt cotton – the countrys first genetically engineered crop was highly contested and it had rarely conformed to expectations. In the late 2002, Monsanto was able to get clearance for commercial planting of three varieties of genetically engineered Bt cotton from GEAC under Ministry of Environment and Forest. This started a huge debate for the sole reason that they managed to get the clearance despite the inadequate test of biosafety and viability. If that was not enough, the permission was granted without taking into consideration the fact that RFSTE had filed a case in Supreme Court the 1998 stating that there were numerous irregularities and violations of biosafety laws and guidelines in previous years trials. Even in such a situation permission was granted to Monsanto-Mahyco. There were reports pouring in from different parts of the country of a failed or unsatisfactory harvest of the first commercial transgenic Bt cotton crop. It raised several challenges for policy and governance, specially from the implementation aspect. For example, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 provides penal provision under Section 15, which include fine and imprisonment the flagrant violation. In the case of Nav Bharat Seed Company, which released an illegal Bt Cotton variety in violation of all prescribed rules and procedures, there is no implementation of the law and they are not being punished till date. This clearly establishes ineffectiveness of the penal/liability provisions under the regime. The penal provisions are also not clear with respect to violation of the two guidelines published by the RCGM (DBT). But undoubtedly, the experience of Gujarat will be recalled in the history of biotechnology as one of the largest trial (with full public knowledge and without any responsible monitoring or evaluation by public agencies at similar scale) of an illegally released technology ever done by people themselves, oblivious of any environmental or other consequence. The iasco which happened more than a decade back where introduction of a genetically modified variety of cotton seed into the Indian agricultural system resulted in large scale crop failure, massive environmental degradation and innumerable farmer suicides shook the entire Indian legal and economic system awoke it to the fact that it was not entirely prepared to embrace what the world was hailing as a panacea to all problems of food scarcity-Genetically Modified Organisms (or GMOs). The controversy has moved from Bt cotton to futuristic GMO Bt Brinjal in the past 10 years. Biosafety regulations still comes under severe criticism even though efforts are put by the government from time to time. The biosafety framework lacks any clear hierarchy between the various bodies and there exists no demarcation between various bodies. The Monsanto-Mahyco fiasco highlighted the anomaly that existed between the understandings of field trials as mere experimental research by the DBT as opposed to deliberate release into the environment by the MoEF. In addition despite provision for authorities such as the SBCC and the DLC at the decentralized level these regulatory bodies have not been set up in most of the states and districts of the country. Industries claim that the absence of a transparent system has also led to an unnecessary doubts in the minds of the public about the implications of GMOs. Ideally, the process used to develop a national biosafety system should be transparent and the level of involvement of the public and/or stakeholder or special interest groups as legislation, regulations, or guidelines are being developed, ought to be considered. Moreover, the DBT deals with companies on a case  ­by  ­case basis. This prevents the industries from pleading their cases collectively. However, this also presents some advantage to the industries. For example, they do not have to take a public stand on any controversies regarding transgenics. Confusion exists with legislations also; At least five existing legislations in force in India have a potential impact on the regulation of GM products in the country. It is essential for the biosafety regulations to recognize them and work in tandem with them and reinforce each other. Among the most prominent problems resulting from this multiplicity is the alleged lack of coordination of the several agencies that play a role in the Indian biotech regulatory framework. These agencies are often placed under the control of different ministries, and operate at very different administrative levels. This makes it difficult to guarantee the consistency of their work and affects those who take part in the approval process of biotechnological products. With the multiplicity of authorities, the tedious and complex approval procedures have also been identified as challenges. The need for simplification and streamlining of procedures has already been acknowledged. In the specific field of agrobiotechnology, a Task Force created in 2003 came to the conclusion that the system needed â€Å"review and rationalization†, as well as a â€Å"reduction in the levels and number of steps required in evaluation and environmental clearance of GM products/transgenics† and â€Å"transparency and professionalism in the regulatory process†. Additionally, the lack of clear guidelines enables industries to have more influence on the guideline formulation and implementation. Some industries claim that the regulatory authorities often come out with whimsical guidelines. When the guidelines need amendments, arbitrary arguments arise. The usual debate between industrial firms and DBT stems from the lack of data to serve as models for local experiments. DBTs knowledge base and scientific base for determining protocol for field testing remains weak. Industrial firms prefer to use data from other countries and suggest that there is no need to reinvent the wheel in experiments involving GMOs. Even the Environmental organizations such as the Gene Campaign and the Research Foundation for Science Technology and Ecology (RESTE) criticize biosafety policy for ignoring specific Indian needs and environmental conditions. For instance, copying the USA legislation, as some critics accuse India of, neglects the dangers of cross ­ fertilization. The danger is much higher in a biodiversity ­ rich country like India compared to a biodiversity ­ poor country like USA. There are criticism that the RCGM does not involve any participation from either research level (universities, research institutes) or user level (industry, consumers, farmers). As a consequence, both the governing bodies and the system of policy making lack transparency. The absence of NGO representation in any of the regulatory committees has been particularly noted. According to Vandana Shiva of RESTE, they have the technical experts in biosafety assessment to merit participation in these committees. In the symposium in New Delhi, representatives from the Ministry of Environment and Fishery openly admitted that they do not have the structure or resources in terms of finance, expertise and facilities to ffectively assess, enforce and monitor biosafety regulations in India. At this stage, Indias experience has been limited to small field trials. Doubts are being raised about the countrys preparedness to meet the potential risks arising from GMOs. For instance, when transgenic crops are commercialized on a large scale, can biosafety regulations be monitored? As of now, the absence of an effective system to monitor imports of agricultural commodities and plan t materials appears to be highly problematic. In India the dangers of GMOs receive a lot of public and media attention. The apprehensions about GMOs are linked, amongst others, with concerns for biodiversity preservation. Cross ­fertilization may result in the loss of indigenous species because of competition in the ecological system. The potential dangers include the displacement or destruction of indigenous or endemic species; and exposure of species to new pathogens. In response to such criticisms, DBT plans to conduct activities to enhance awareness and technical expertise about biosafety. This includes training of scientists, and visits to countries with biosafety policies such as the USA. DBT hopes to improve their data base on biosafety regulations. On the other hand, NGOs such as RESTE are contributing to the information campaign. However, the overall institutional capacity building to effectively enforce and monitor biosafety policies remain inadequate. Part-V Analysis-Proposed Structural Changes The Draft Biotechnology Bill, 2008 is already surrounded by controversies even before it can become a concrete law. There are several lacunas which need to be addressed before giving final shape to this bill. First of all, the bill is â€Å"National Biotechnology Regulatory Bill, 2008† but when declared in policy it clearly states that it aims to regulate modern biotechnology in which also they have included only the genetic engineering whose products or processes it is going to regulate(other methods involved in biotechnology are haploid culturing, sterile plant generation, etc by mutagenesis). This makes the title too broad as compared to the objectives of the bill. The DBT ought to know that biotechnology covers some 30 areas, of which many need to be regulated. These areas include stem cells, nanobiotechnology, biological warfare, vaccines, bioinformatics, organ transplantation, new drug delivery systems, new materials such as spider silk and bacterial ropes, plant-based traditional drug formulations, and assisted reproductive technologies. But the proposed bill is confined to Genetically Manipulated Organisms (GMOs) and their products. There are a series of other problem highlighted by the critique. There is a need to look into fact that we have a regulatory procedure in place already involving the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) of the DBT and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. We are first required to highlight the problems which subsists in the current procedure and then attempt to ensure that those lacuna does not exist in the new bill. There are many problems which persists in the current regulatory regime which are not addressed by the Draft Bill, 2008 as well. Taking the case where the present system does not prescribe any penalty for contamination of a non-GMO farm by GMOs in an adjoining farm, the draft bill is also silent. The central government has tried to setup a centralized authority to regulate modern biotechnology as this will enable better mobility of application forms and less problems for the applicant but, it has ignored the role of state governments in whose territory all the applications of modern biotechnology is going to take place. In case if any accident takes place for example, contamination of non-GMO farms due to nearby GMO farms, then how will National Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India is going to compensate for such losses suffered by state (due to damage of its environment) and the farmer whose farm has suffered. Since, just levying fine on the guilty cannot solve the problem. The bill is supposedly up for public debate. They have ignored many stakeholders from the report who are directly going to get affected by biotechnology products or processes. Farmers are the largest stakeholders in the business of GMOs, yet their representation at the meetings appeared to be minimal and unrepresentative. In addition, the selection and eligibility criterion for selecting the person for a particular function is not mentioned properly. All this reduces the transparency of the proposed Bill. The proposed bill has little substantive content, and no rules and regulations have been circulated or debated. Whatever little substance it has, is entirely industry-centric and not people or farmer-centric. They have not mentioned the rules in detail, which is creating the mystery over the whole policy functioning. For example, they talk about taking measures to regulate the use of genetically engineered organisms and products derived thereof as, or in, food and use in human or animal health, agriculture or other applications in India. However, no description of the procedure is given. There are other provisions in the proposed legislation which are cause for concern. For example, there is provision for establishing a tribunal to try cases related to biotechnology. This means that any legal case pertaining to biotechnology will not be under the purview of the judiciary of the land, instead it will come under the purview of this specially constituted tribunal which is unlikely to dispense these cases with fairness. On the other hand, the law does not lay down any norms for the proper labeling of GM crops or food products derived from them. This regulation is essential because there is no other way to distinguish between GM and unmodified food crops. This regulation is strictly followed in all European countries, and if such a regulation is not followed in India all exports of food products, vegetables, flowers etc. to the European Union from India will be stopped. The major change that the Draft Bill brings is the establishment of the NBSA which is going to be an autonomous body. The proposed authority is top-heavy. It would make the processing of an application far more cumbersome than it is today. It has been said that the proposed authority will be autonomous but the bill does not say how that autonomy would be exercised. Finally, the use of term international standards is very much vague. Since, countries have their own policies, so which country policy are they referring as each country has its own policy. For example, will they follow Switzerland, which has put a moratorium on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) until 2012, or the European Union, which requires labeling of GM food, or the U. S. that, for all practical purposes, has no regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). These are some of the issues which needs to be addressed and taken account of before passing yet another law in the series of law which already exists but fail to serve the purpose for which they exist. Part Conclusion As a developing country which is agrarian economy, India still has much to gain from the creation of the regulatory framework that can promote biosafe application of GE technology. Thus, the answer to the problems of biosafety regulations in India is neither simple nor straightforward. The debates on the success or failure of GM crops or biotechnology are going to continue but by trying to pass the Draft legislation the government is trying to send the message that no hindrance would be brooked in India on the path of widespread introduction of GM crops in India by the multinational corporations. But it is important to keep in mind that biotechnology-driven agriculture is so capital intensive that small farmers are not able to sustain it, and are driven off from their lands and livelihoods. The goal of the Indian regulatory system is to ensure that GM crops pose no major risk to food safety, environmental safety, and agricultural production, and that there are no adverse economic impacts on farmers. As more genetically engineered plants are being developed for commercial release, concerns have been expressed about their safety. The concept of food safety assurance has assumed importance as with any method of genetic manipulation, there is a possibility of introducing unintended changes along with intended changes, which in turn have an impact on the health and nutritional status of the consumer. The author did an extensive study of the regulatory regime and realised that the establishment of a transparent and credible biosafety regulatory framework is essential for the commercialization of biotechnology products. To sum up in the words of M. S. Swaminathan, â€Å"GM foods have the potential to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides. Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, industrial policy and food labeling.